Name:- Khamal Krishna R
Roll no :-15
Batch Year:- 2016/18
Paper no:- 12 English Language Teaching
Email Id:- krishnakhamal01@gmail.com
Assignment Topic:- Various method of ELT-1),Grammar Translation Method ,Direct method ,The Audio-Lingual Method.
Submitted to:-Smt. S.B. Gardi, Department of English, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.
Various method of ELT-1),
1)Grammar Translation method
2) The Direct method
3)Audio-Lingual method
English Language is the most important language of India. After Hindi it is the most commonly spoken language in India and probably the most written and read language in India. English language used not only for communicating with outside world, but also inter-state communication. Because of the great linguistic and ethnic diversity found within our nation. English also serve as the communicator among Indians who speak different languages. English is very important in some various systems like –educational ,legal, financial and business in India.
Teaching English has become equally important as the learning language. English language teaching pedagogy the three terms like that –Method, Approach and technique are used in interchangeably. Basic method assumptions about why and how people learn, shape the way in which language have been taught. Let us first see the basic meaning of Method:-
“Methods are route maps in possession with which one can reach one’s destination without groping in the dark’’
“An approach is a set of co-relative assumptions dealing with the nature of language teaching and learning”
It is a generalized set of classroom specifications for accomplishing linguistic objectives. Methods tend to be primarily concerned with teacher and student roles and behaviors and secondarily with such features as linguistic and subject-matter objectives, sequencing, and materials. They are almost always thought of as being broadly applicable to a variety of audiences in a variety of contexts.
Basically methods refer to the technique used by the teachers to teach any particular language to students.
There are four method of teaching English Language. which are discussed in this assignment.
(2)
Direct method
(3)
Audio Lingual Method
(1)
Grammar Translation Method:-
The
Grammar translation method of foreign language teaching is one of the most
traditional methods. It was originally used to teach ‘dead’ language such as Latin and Greek. This is the oldest and traditional method of
teaching English. Especially in India, this method is used as English is taught
as Second language. In Europe, this method was used to teach Greek and Latin
for several years. With the arrival of the Britishers this method was
introduced in India. The emphasis in this method is mainly on translation
of English words, phrases, and passages into and from the mother tongue of a
learner.
Ø Maintains close association between the
foreign language and the mother tongue.
Ø Lays no emphasis on speech.
Ø Follows the adult’s logical way of learning
a language.
Ø Teaches the language by rule rather
than use. Teaches formal grammar from the very beginning.
Thompson and Wyatt gave
three principles on which this method is based:-
(1)Translation interprets foreign phraseology
best.
(2) The foreign phraseology is best
assimilated by the learners
in the process
of interpretation.
(3)The structure of a foreign language is
best learnt when compared and contrasted with the mother tongue
Characteristic
:-
@ A
Focus on learning the rules of grammar and their application in translation
passages from one language into the other.@ Vocabulary in the target language
is learned through direct translation from the native language ,it is taught in
the form of isolated word lists.
Principles of this Method:-
(1) *Literary language is superior to the
spoken language.
(2) *The authority in the classroom is the
teacher.
(3)
*Translating each language into each other is an important goal for learners.
(4) *Classes are taught in the mother tongue,
with little active use of the target language.
(5) *Grammar provides the rule for putting
words together, and instruction often focues on the form and inflection of
words.
(6)*
Much vocabulary is taught in the form of
lists of isolated words.
Let us see Advantages and disadvantages of this method
Grammar Translation Method
Merits
Ø Increases the
vocabulary.
Ø Makes teaching
activity
Very
easy.
Ø A strong memory bond is established.
Ø Save time and energy.
Ø Clarity in understanding of words.
Ø Can be easily used
in overcrowded.
Demerits:-
Ø Skills like speaking and listening are not emphasized.
Ø Literal translation ruins the charm of language.
Ø It presents students from thinking directly in English.
Ø It gives rare opportunity to students to practice speaking.
Ø All the words and phrases cannot be translated
and if it is done it might create a blunder. For example: there are some words
like “Sindoor”, which cannot be translated due to cultural context. If it is
translated it will lose the essence. When we translate sentences from our
mother tongue into the target language, we unintentionally translate those
structures which are untranslatable because they do not exist in the system of
the target language.
Ø
Ø There are different typical
techniques of this method which enables learners to learn
English language.
Ø · Translation
of a passage
Ø · Antonyms/
Synonyms
Ø · Cognates
Ø · Fill
in the blanks
Ø · Memorization
Ø · Make sentence
Ø · Composition
Direct Method :-
Direct method is the method through which students learn to
communicate in the target language and not involving L1 in the language
learning process.
Direct Method is also known as
·
Natural Method
·
Phonetical Method
·
Anti-Grammatical Method
·
Reform Method
This method is also known as Natural Method; because the
characteristics we observe in language teaching is similar to
acquisition of L1, but it was very difficult to bring exact
environment in which L1 is acquired. So later, the same method became popular
as the direct method.
This method was a reaction against the Grammar Translation
Method. In Grammar Translation Method, the focus was mainly on grammar. The
learners were acquiring the knowledge of the grammar instead of the language.
The method originated in France in 1901. The principles of
this method came from Germany and were popularized by the international
phonetic association of France.
According to H.Champion,
“The direct method is a method of teaching
English directly; is to establish a direct or immediate association between
experience and expression, between English words, phrases or idioms and its
meaning.”
Basic
Principles of Direct Method :-
(1)
Classroom
instruction is conducted exclusively in the target language. The teacher should
demonstrate, not explain or translate.
(2)
Only everyday
vocabulary and sentence are taught basic vocabulary is given first.
(3)
Vocabulary is
taught through known words, demonstration, authentic objects ,pictures and
miming.
(4)
Grammar is taught
inductively. There may never be an explicit grammar rule given.
(5)
New teaching
points are introduced orally. Oral transmission.
(6)
Both speech and
listening comprehension are taught.
(7)
Learning as self
correction.
(8)
Correct
Pronunciation is emphasized.
Advantages of Direct Method
1. It emphasizes oral and speech practice,
right pronunciation, stress etc.
2. It makes direct association between thought
and expression.
3. It makes learning easy and pleasant.
4. It can help cover more content in less time.
5. It is more suitable to teach idioms.
6. It is psychologically sound as the procedure
is from concrete to abstract and from particular to general.
Disadvantages of Direct
Method
1. It gives over emphasis to oral work.
2. It is less effective for average or below
average students.
3. It is expensive or hard in respect of
teaching aids.
4. It does not give the required emphasis
for gradation of materials.
5. There will be lack of competent teachers to
teach in this method.
6. Course books or source books may not be
available as required.
v The Audio- Lingual Method :-
The Audio –lingual method is used to improve
communicative competence in learners. It is the most effective way for to learn
language in an interesting way through different skills. This Method was initially called the Army Method. and was
the first to be based on linguistic theory and behavioral psychology.
Based on Skinner’s Behaviorism theory, it
assumed that a human being can be trained using a system of reinforcement
.Correct behavior receive positive feedback. while errors receive negative
feedback. Emphasis is on the acquisition of patterns in common everyday
dialogue. The Audio –lingual method is the product of three historical
circumstances. for its views on language , audiolingualism drew on the work of
American linguists such as “Leonard
Bloomfield” Audio lingual method was the outbreak of world war. which created the need to post large number of American
servicemen all over the world. it was therefore necessary to provide these
soldiers with at least basic verbal communication skills.
The
Audio-lingual Method is still in use today in different ways through blogs,
flipped learning, YouTube and much more. Nowadays many courses are available
online also.
Basic
Principles of this “Audio Lingual Method”:-
(1) Instructions are given in the target language.
(2)
Language
forms occur within a context.
(3)
New material is
presented in dialogue form.
(4)
There is
dependence on mimicry, memorization of set phrases and over learning.
(5)
Structures are
sequenced by means of contrastive analysis and taught one at a time.
(6) Structural
patterns are taught using repetitive drills. (7) There is little or no
grammatical explanation. Grammar is taught by inductive analogy
rather than deductive explanation.
(8) Vocabulary is strictly limited and
learned in context.
There are many advantages and Disadvantages of this method:-
Advantages
of Audio -lingual Method:-
· It can be used in medium
sized classes.
· It can be used at
elementary and intermediate level.
· Listening and speaking
skills can be improved.
· Learners can form
grammatically accurate language.
Disadvantages
of Audio Lingual Method
· Confident teachers with
student
· Fluency of language are
needed.
· Repetition can be very
boring and meaningless.
· Reading and writing are neglected as an independent form.
· It requires more time in
preparing these activities.
·
Typical techniques of the audio-lingual method: -
·
Dialogue
memorization
·
Backward
build-up
·
Repetition
drill
·
Chain
drill
·
Single
slot substitution drill
·
Multiple
slot substitution drill
·
Transformation
drill
·
Q/A
drill
·
Use
of minimal pairs
·
Complete
the dialogues
·
Grammar
games
Conclusion
:-
This all method is useful in Teaching of English language
.these are the three methods which are used for English Language
Teaching.(ELT).
Works Cited
Method,
English teaching. English Teaching Methods, and techniques. 2011.
2017.
Rodgers, Richards Jackc and
Thedore. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching ,Cambridge University
press. 2001. 2017.
Nice one, good job
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