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Paper no:-10 The American Literature

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“Struggle for the Survival/existence in the old man and the Sea by Hemingway"

Name:-Khamal  Krishna R

Roll no:-15

Class :-M.A-PART 2 –Sem-3

Paper no:- 10 (American Literature)

 Assignment Topic- “Struggle for the Survival/existence in the old man and the Sea by Hemingway”

Batch Year:- 2016/18

Email id:- krishnakhamal01@gmail.com

Submmited to :- Department of English, Maharaja krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.

The Old Man and the Sea is novel written by the American author Ernest Hemingway in 1951 and published in 1952. It was most famous work of his life. It centers upon Santiago, an aging fisherman who struggles with a giant Marlin far out in the Gulf Stream. The Old Man and the Sea was awarded  the Pulitzer Prize For Fiction  in 1953 and was cited by the  Noble  Committee as Committee as  contributing the awarding of the Noble Prize in Literature to Hemingway in  1954.

About the Author:-

 

Old man and the sea by Ernest Hemingway is a great novelist  with many philosophical ideas. Hemingway is very careful while portraying characters in his works. The novella is centered on one major character Santiago. As the title suggest Santiago is an old man. He is of 75 years old Cuban fisherman. Hemingway has presented the character of Santiago with strong determination will power, hope and confidence.

Hemingway has borrowed a surprisingly abundant supply of facts from his own life for his novels. The books have therefore something autobiographical about them. Something of the author's character and personality is attributed to the hero of the Hemingway novel. But in The Old Man and the Sea the identification between the author and the hero is complete: and the story is an interesting personal allegory. ( Hemingway)

Struggle for existence in old man and the sea

Struggle means to fight, hard work great effort to over  come difficulties. And survival means staying alive after facing life threatening danger. When these two words get together so it becomes   struggle for the existence. In this novel the main protagonist Santiago in whole novel struggle for to keep himself alive .In this novel represent the picture of the struggle of the old Santiago who fight with big sharks and other creatures of the sea. In this whole novel Santiago faces many struggle and  difficulty in this story. The major difficulty is that he faces everyday it was that how he get food to eat to keep him alive. He did not any money and he had luck with fishing.

“But he thought, I keep them with precision. Only I have no luck any more. But who knows? May be today. Every day is new day. It is better to lucky. But I would rather be next. Then when comes you are ready’’

 Old fisherman Santiago’s power represents a strong  struggle and faith

 Old fisherman Santiago is a respectable hero, who is not only able to overcome death but also a brave man. He battled with the nature and ferocious sharks again and again desperately. This is the process that the hero survived from death again and again. He fought with the sea, it is not just the general struggle to conquer nature, it is the battle with the life. The old fisherman Santiago showed us the philosophy of life by his own experience. He is striving for the implementation of self-worth. But, just as a literary critic Buehler said, when death comes, the protagonists of Hemingway’s novels will never commit suicide, on the contrary, they will understand how to face it. So it goes with what Santiago said, people can be destroyed, but not defeated. In his fight with the sharks, he comprehend the philosophy of life. The fight is a very effective mechanism of self-reflection and spur, and it strengthened his belief in self-flagellation, and sublimated his own personality. The tone of the novel” the old man and the sea” is so clam and objective that it reveals the old fisherman Santiago's endless grace under pressure. As a lonely old man, and also an old man make a living by fishing. In order to survive, he must go to sea to go fishing. Although fishing alone in the sea means putting himself under great danger, especially confronting the threat of death. However, no matter under the helpless environment, or in fierce fighting of survival, the old fisherman Santiago did not show a spark of emptiness and confusion. This stems from the countless times’ survival from the desperate situation by his firm faith and confidence. From the beginning to the end, old fisherman Santiago confronted the possible failure with a very calm attitude. Therefore, hence very common mentality to challenge the possible arrival of death. Now that it has come, let the storm come more violently. In such a cruel and harsh environment under such a fierce battle, the old fisherman Santiago fully demonstrates his firm belief, and his elegant temperament -grace under pressure, shows his strong personality power.

What a moment it is! When a person anthropomorphizes a creature and has to kill whom he starts liking and loving. Killing Marlin, whom he loved ,was a real struggle for Santiago like Arjuna who fought with his own relatives in the Kurukshetra in Mahabharata. At this juncture, it is quite natural that he seems like Hamlet who creates a confusion out of a question like,

 “To be, or not to be, -- that is the question :--” (Shakespeare, 54)

  Prodigiously abstract moment but hard to tackle by a common man when he is put in such a situation when he is told to kill a loved one. Santiago goes for ‘to be’. It means ‘to kill’ is to survive him and ‘to survive’ is ‘to struggle for’. Such a crucial moment is to be realized. Somewhere between life and death, this impeccable indispensible. treasure is to be kept in Manolin’s self as a gift of pastness to its presence.  This is how the nature of all life consists of a passing on collective knowledge and memory from one generation to the next, as well as a passage from youth to the old age.

            Santiago humanizes the fish Marlin, seems very poetic in its nature. He speaks to him like,

 Some lines and paragraph of the text  by which this can be clear that how the Santiago struggled for the survival

“You better be fearless and confident yourself, old man,” he said. “You’re holding him again but you cannot get line. But soon he has to circle. “The old man held him with his left hand and his shoulders now and stooped down and scooped up water in his right hand to get the crushed dolphin flesh off of his face. He was afraid that it might nauseate him and he would vomit and lose his strength. When his face was cleaned he washed his right hand in the water over the side and then let it stay in the salt water while he watched the first light come before the sunrise. He’s headed almost east, he thought. That means he is tired and going with the current. Soon he will have to circle. Then our true work begins. After he judged that his right hand had been in the water long enough he took it out and looked at it.“It is not bad,” he said. “And pain does not matter to a man.”

Ø  Old man (pg-23)

“He is making the far part of his circle now,” he said. I must hold all I can, he thought. The strain will [86] shorten his circle each time. Perhaps in an hour I will see him. Now I must convince him and then I must kill him.“I could not fail myself and die on a fish like this,” he said. “Now that I have him coming so beautifully, God help me endure. I’ll say a hundred Our Fathers and a hundred Hail Mary's. But I cannot say them now. Ø Santiago ( pg.-24)

I’m tiered than I have ever been, he thought, and now the trade wind is rising. But that will be good to take him in with. I need that badly.“I’ll rest on the next turn as he goes out,” he said. “I feel much better. Then in two or three turns more I will have him.”His straw hat was far on the back of his head and he sank down into the bow with the pull of the line as he felt the fish turn. You work now, fish, he thought. I’ll take you at the turn.

The sea had risen considerably. But it was a fair-weather breeze and he had to have it to get home.

“I’ll just steer south and west,” he said. “A man is never lost at sea and it is a long island.”Ø Santiago (pg.-25

)

“Fish,” the old man said. “Fish, you are going to have to die anyway. Do you have to kill me-too?”

That way nothing is accomplished, he thought. His mouth was too dry to speak but he could not reach for the water now. I must get him alongside this time, he thought. I am not good for many more turns. Yes you are, he told himself. You’re good for ever.

“Keep my head dear,” he said against the wood of the bow. “I am a tired old man. But I have killed this fish which is my brother and now I must do the slave work.”Ø Santiago ( pg.-26)

“Get to work, old man,” he said. He took a very [95] small drink of the water. “There is very much slave work to be done now that the fight is over.”“But man is not made for defeat,” he said. “A man can be destroyed but not defeated.”

I am sorry that I killed the fish though, he thought. Now the bad time is coming and I do not even have the harpoon. The dent so is cruel and able and strong and intelligent. But I was more intelligent than he was. Perhaps not, he thought. Perhaps I was only better armed.  

Ø Santiago ( pg.28 -29)

“I killed him in self-defence,” the old man said aloud. “And I killed him well.”

‘’Fishing kills me exactly as it keeps me alive. The boy keeps me alive, he thought. I must not deceive myself too much. ’’“I have the gaff now,” he said. “But it will do no good. I have the two oars and the tiller and the short club.”

Now they have beaten me, he thought. I am too old to club sharks to death. But I will try it as long as I have the oars and the short club and the tiller.

“You’re tired, old man,” he said. “You’re tired inside.”Ø Santiago (pg.30-31)

“Half fish,” he said. “Fish that   you were. I am sorry that I went too far out. I ruined us both. But we have killed many sharks, you and I, and ruined many others. How many did you ever kill old fish? You do not have that spear on your head for nothing.”Ø Santiago (pg.32)

Conclusion:-

                  So by all this sentences and the lines of the  paragraph we can imagine that  how Santiago faced  lots  of struggles when he went for fishing and if he don’t want this then even he have to do it because for his struggle for the existence.

 

Works Cited

Hemingway, Ernest,The Old Man and the Sea. The old man and the sea,Bangalore: Harrows Publication. 2009.

Hemingway, Ernest. The Old Man and the Sea. 2011:39-44. PDF File. The old man and the Sea PDF File. 2011. <https://la.utexas.edu/users/jmciver/Honors/Fiction%202013/Hemmingway_The%20Old%20Man%20and%20the%20Sea_1952.pdf>.

http://manybooks.net/titles/shakespeetext982ws2610.html

hakespear, william ,Hamlet. Hamlet Prince of Denmark www. manybooks.net.org.gutenburg .org. <http://manybooks.net/titles/shakespeetext982ws2610.html>.

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Prepared by:- Krishna Khamal

Paper:-Postcolonial study

Roll no:-15

Assignment Topic :- Comparision between ‘A Tempest’ and The Purpose

Email id:- (krishnakhamal01@gmail.com)

Submitted to:- The Department of English M.K. Bhavnagar University

Abstract:-

As we know that there are some methods through which we can understand any text very clearly. One of them is “Touch stone method ”.which means we compare two texts with each other and through that we can understand it. And because of Comparision we can easily understand the text. Here I try to compare two texts in this as under, “A Tempest” by Cesaire with “The Purpose” by T.P Kailasam. Caliban and Eklavya as subaltern character in both the text. In postcolonial theory the term Subaltern describes the lower class people and who are at the margins of a society. We find that many people are subaltern and many cast also in our India.

     Parihas and Tribal people are also marginalized or subaltern.

 

Introduction of “The Purpose by T.P Kailasam

Full name of T.P. Kailasam is Thanjavur Paramsiv  Kailasam. He was born on 29 July 1886 in Mysore, India and died on 1946 in Bangalore ,India. He was Tamil. He studied geology in London. Then he joined government geology service, he also wrote play and also worked in local theater. Kailasam wrote many plays in there. Kailasam wrote many plays in there. He wrote plays like

1) The Burden (1933)

2) Fulfillment (1933)

3) The Purpose (1944)

4)Karna : The Brahmin's Curse (1940)

5) Keechak(1949)

                        

        He wrote in English also. He was considered as “The father of modern kannada drama”, he also known as “The father of humorous plays” and known as “One and only Kailasam for Kannda”. Although all his theme and characters are mythological yet their treatment and delineation are strictly according to his vision, mission and imagination.

The Purpose  in 1944 which is based on great Indian Epic ‘Mahabharata’. In this play he focus  on main three characters like Arjuna , Eklavya and Guru Dron .

 In the story of Mahabharata ‘Arjuna’ is the hero while studying under Dronacharya  or throughout the epic. But here in The Purpose Kailasam more focus on the character of ‘Eklavya’. And he is the main hero or character of The Purpose.

Meaning of Subaltern :-

In postcolonial theory the term subaltern describes the lower classes and the social groups who are at the margins of a society. As in our India, some of the castes which we call ‘Shudra’ they all are subalterns. High castes people not except them as normal and they not even touch to those people. In Gujarati we can say ‘abhadavu’. So those all people are subalterns.

 It refers to the populations that are socially, politically and geographically outside of the hegemonic power structure of the colony and of the colonial homeland. As intellectual discourse the concept of the subaltern is problematic because it originated as a Eurocentric method of historical enquiry for Africa, Asia and the Middle East. The term “Subaltern” is used in the fields of history, anthropology, sociology, human geography and literary criticism.

 

    

 Concept of Subaltern in Purpose:-

 Eklavya as Subaltern character

                              

           In the Purpose we find that Eklavya from low caste, he was Nishada boy and Arjuna was King's boy, prince and he was Arya. So Eklavya can't study Archery from Guru Dronacharya, because he was Nishada boy. At that time only high class or King's sons learn archery, and Drona was Guru only Arjuna not any other. So we can say that Nishada is Subaltern cast or group of people and Eklavya was as a Subaltern person. Even his purpose to learn archery is good and he was smart than Arjuna yet he cannot became great archer because of his caste. He learned archery by himself, yet he compromised with Arjuna as a cost of Gurudakshina and lost his thumb it's not only lost his thumb but lost his archery also.

The protagonist of the play is Eklavya. He is nishada. He also want to become the best archer of the world as same Arjuna also want to be. Eklavya sreally like the techniques of Drona but he also recognize the Arjuna as a novice.

Ekalavya: “…..this Must be the great Drnacharya! Who else could in a few moments and with a few words turn a voice into a good archer already! Why, I am better myself for listening to him and following his words!”

       Through these type of dialogues we can see that how he love to be best archer. But only because of his caste he can’t be like Arjuna or perhaps better than Arjuna. So, after all we can say that T.P. Kailasam give the eyes to Arjuna. And he wants to highlight the character of Eklavya who is very minor character in Mahabharata. And through the archery Eklavya want to save the innocent animals from cruel animals and desire to learn archery. So his purpose is not self centre but it is for others. Wile, Arjuna wants to be the greatest archer of the world. So, we can say that his purpose is self centered. Thus, Kailasam gives the voice to the subaltern character like Eklavya. So now let’s know something about A tempest.

A Tempest  by Amie Cesaire:-

"A tempest" written in 1969 in French and translated in English in 1985 by Richard miller. The Tempest is a last play by William shakespear. These both plays are different. There is one term centre and periphery, it is applied here.  A Tempest is a postcolonial revision of William Shakespeare's The Tempest. There is one play written by T.P Kailasam,"The Purpose". This is also based on great Indian book "Mahabharata". As same in this play also we can see that thing. There are some major characters in the play like Caliban, Prospero, Miranda, Ariel etc. In both the play centre is different. In the Tempest Prospero is center character but in A Tempest Caliban is at center.  So let's know about that character.

play Aime Cesaire write A Tempest. It is a politicized take on Shakespeare’s play. It is really a “post-colonial response to The Tempest”. It story from the point of view of Caliban and Ariel. In this version Caliban is black slave and the spirit Ariel is represented as a mulatto slave. The dialogue on Caliban’s part is much harsher and more frequent. Caliban’s aggression and hate towards Prospero is a bit more evident. Prospero is also a good example of the role power plays in the story. When Caliban swears his loyalty to him he readily agree and takes advantage of this. Caliban’s character and the way Prospero treats him is a good representation of colonial attitudes towards indigenous people.

       Caliban is a rebellious black slave, who has been taught Prospero’s language only so that he can understand his orders and who asks to be called X, since Prospero has stolen his identity. In some of the scene, Ariel and Caliban argue about modes of resistance. Caliban calls him an Uncle Tom and demands ‘Freedom now’. He criticizes Prospero for using the courtiers’ hunger as a means of punishing them.  Prospero orders the arrest of Caliban and his fellow conspirators. Gonzalo attempts to convert Caliban to Christianity but fails. In his speech Caliban rejecting Prospero’s colonialist domination and threatening. Then Prospero decides that his duty is to remain on the island not to be master but the leader of the orchestra’ and to counter Caliban’s violence with violence. In a final image, Prospero is a futile old man, ruler over a population of one, and fragments of Caliban’s songs are heard in the distance.

Eklavya and Caliban as Subalterns.

 “ Eklavya”                                “Caliban’’ 

                                  

 If we think about these two characters, so these are subalterns. Ekalavya is from lower caste and because of his low caste he can’t get education. They have no right to learn. He is smart than Arjuna and yet he can’t be great archer because of his caste. Even he learnt archery by his self, without any Guru and yet powerful people not give him right to be an archer. So we can say that Eklavya as subaltern character. His intention to be archer is good and yet he can’t to do it.

       As same the character of Caliban is also represent this kind of identity. He has no power because he is black man but he raises his voice against his master because he has language. Without language he can’t do it. So if we want to be rebellious when we have language. And behind these all things power played a vital role in our society. On most of the position we can see high caste’s people. And that’s why power is in their hands. There is one dialogue in hindi movie ‘Raja ki ayegi barat’. In this movie one old person(judge) give advise to Rani Mukharaj that “ Haq kabhi manganese nahi milata kabhi kabhi use chinana bhi padata he”. And this dialogue is most appropriate here. So we can say these two characters are subalterns in The Tempest and Mahabharata. 

 Subalterns are in our contemporary society:-

In our contemporary society we can see many of the people who suffer a lot because of their caste. In our villages now a day’s also we can see some of the people are living out of village. In village those people are from low caste and that’s why they have no right to live in the society. They are cleaning our society and yet they are not clean so high caste people not touch them. So they all are subalterns of our society.

We think deeply on this topic at that time we find this type of problem in our society also, even in this 21^st century also. We find many people in village they don't use food and water of lower class people and even lower class people living out of villages they don't get proper education and also good job. Just because of their caste. Not only villages in city we see the problems of cast and class. Higher class and lower class. And many problems are create it's just because of rigid thought.

      

Conclusion:-

                       Thus we can say that  the characters like Caliban and  Eklavya are  in history and present. And these types of characters are there some characters who ruling over them. In this type of situations we can see that the power played a vital role behind these all things.

There are some poor people because there are some There are days and nights, sun and moon, joy and sorrow, etc. So if there are subalterns because some powerful people are there and that’s why it happened. If there is some question so defiantly there are some reasons behind this. But question is that we are not thinking like that or we are not habituated to think like that.

Works Cited

contribuutors, Wikipedia and Subaltern (Postcolonialism) free. Wikipedia contributers,''Subaltern (postcolonialism). Ed. contributers.

 (google)

cgoogle. https:// images.google.com/.

 (kailasam)

kailasam, t.p. https://t.p kailasam .blog. <https://www.google.co.in/search?q=t.p+kailasamblogspot.in&oq=t.p+kailasamblogspot.in&aqs=chrom>.